GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals: Logical Operators

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#### 11.5.4 Logical Operators

Except when they appear in the condition operand of a `GIMPLE_COND`, logical ‘and’ and ‘or’ operators are simplified as follows: `a = b && c` becomes

    T1 = (bool)b;
    if (T1 == true)
      T1 = (bool)c;
    a = T1;

Note that `T1` in this example cannot be an expression temporary, because it has two different assignments.

#### 11.5.5 Manipulating operands

All gimple operands are of type `tree`. But only certain types of trees are allowed to be used as operand tuples. Basic validation is controlled by the function `get_gimple_rhs_class`, which given a tree code, returns an `enum` with the following values of type `enum gimple_rhs_class`

- `GIMPLE_INVALID_RHS` The tree cannot be used as a GIMPLE operand.
- `GIMPLE_TERNARY_RHS` The tree is a valid GIMPLE ternary operation.
- `GIMPLE_BINARY_RHS` The tree is a valid GIMPLE binary operation.
- `GIMPLE_UNARY_RHS` The tree is a valid GIMPLE unary operation.
- `GIMPLE_SINGLE_RHS` The tree is a single object, that cannot be split into simpler operands (for instance, `SSA_NAME`, `VAR_DECL`, `COMPONENT_REF`, etc).

  This operand class also acts as an escape hatch for tree nodes that may be flattened out into the operand vector, but would need more than two slots on the RHS. For instance, a `COND_EXPR` expression of the form `(a op b) ? x : y` could be flattened out on the operand vector using 4 slots, but it would also require additional processing to distinguish `c = a op b` from `c = a op b ? x : y`. Something similar occurs with `ASSERT_EXPR`. In time, these special case tree expressions should be flattened into the operand vector.

For tree nodes in the categories `GIMPLE_TERNARY_RHS`, `GIMPLE_BINARY_RHS` and `GIMPLE_UNARY_RHS`, they cannot be stored inside tuples directly. They first need to be flattened and separated into individual components. For instance, given the GENERIC expression

    a = b + c

its tree representation is:

    MODIFY_EXPR <VAR_DECL  <a>, PLUS_EXPR <VAR_DECL <b>, VAR_DECL <c>>>

In this case, the GIMPLE form for this statement is logically identical to its GENERIC form but in GIMPLE, the `PLUS_EXPR` on the RHS of the assignment is not represented as a tree, instead the two operands are taken out of the `PLUS_EXPR` sub-tree and flattened into the GIMPLE tuple as follows:

    GIMPLE_ASSIGN <PLUS_EXPR, VAR_DECL <a>, VAR_DECL <b>, VAR_DECL <c>>

#### 11.5.6 Operand vector allocation

The operand vector is stored at the bottom of the three tuple structures that accept operands. This means, that depending on the code of a given statement, its operand vector will be at different offsets from the base of the structure. To access tuple operands use the following accessors

GIMPLE function: unsigned gimple_num_ops (gimple g)

  Returns the number of operands in statement G.

GIMPLE function: tree gimple_op (gimple g, unsigned i)

  Returns operand `I` from statement `G`.

GIMPLE function: tree * gimple_ops (gimple g)

  Returns a pointer into the operand vector for statement `G`. This is computed using an internal table called `gimple_ops_offset_`[]. This table is indexed by the gimple code of `G`.

  When the compiler is built, this table is filled-in using the sizes of the structures used by each statement code defined in gimple.def. Since the operand vector is at the bottom of the structure, for a gimple code `C` the offset is computed as sizeof (struct-of `C`) - sizeof (tree).

  This mechanism adds one memory indirection to every access when using `gimple_op`(), if this becomes a bottleneck, a pass can choose to memoize the result from `gimple_ops`() and use that to access the operands.

#### 11.5.7 Operand validation

When adding a new operand to a gimple statement, the operand will be validated according to what each tuple accepts in its operand vector. These predicates are called by the `gimple_name_set_...()`. Each tuple will use one of the following predicates (Note, this list is not exhaustive):

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_val (tree t)

  Returns true if t is a "GIMPLE value", which are all the non-addressable stack variables (variables for which `is_gimple_reg` returns true) and constants (expressions for which `is_gimple_min_invariant` returns true).

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_addressable (tree t)

  Returns true if t is a symbol or memory reference whose address can be taken.

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_asm_val (tree t)

  Similar to `is_gimple_val` but it also accepts hard registers.

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_call_addr (tree t)

  Return true if t is a valid expression to use as the function called by a `GIMPLE_CALL`.

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_mem_ref_addr (tree t)

  Return true if t is a valid expression to use as first operand of a `MEM_REF` expression.

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_constant (tree t)

  Return true if t is a valid gimple constant.

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_min_invariant (tree t)

  Return true if t is a valid minimal invariant. This is different from constants, in that the specific value of t may not be known at compile time, but it is known that it doesn’t change (e.g., the address of a function local variable).

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_ip_invariant (tree t)

  Return true if t is an interprocedural invariant. This means that t is a valid invariant in all functions (e.g. it can be an address of a global variable but not of a local one).

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_ip_invariant_address (tree t)

  Return true if t is an `ADDR_EXPR` that does not change once the program is running (and which is valid in all functions).

#### 11.5.8 Statement validation

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_assign (gimple g)

  Return true if the code of g is `GIMPLE_ASSIGN`.

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_call (gimple g)

  Return true if the code of g is `GIMPLE_CALL`.

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_debug (gimple g)

  Return true if the code of g is `GIMPLE_DEBUG`.

GIMPLE function: bool gimple_assign_cast_p (gimple g)

  Return true if g is a `GIMPLE_ASSIGN` that performs a type cast operation.

GIMPLE function: bool gimple_debug_bind_p (gimple g)

  Return true if g is a `GIMPLE_DEBUG` that binds the value of an expression to a variable.

GIMPLE function: bool is_gimple_omp (gimple g)

  Return true if g is any of the OpenMP codes.

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